What are Mycotoxins:Alflatoxins and why are they potentially dangerous?

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Two of the primary types of mycotoxins that are associated with cannabis are aflatoxins and ochratoxins.  Ochratoxins are very similar to aflatoxins- but one of the most potent mycotoxin.  The most common aflatoxins are: aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2 and aflatoxin M1.  Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by certain fungi in/on foods and feeds the FDA  has set a limit is 20ppb for direct exposure (human).  Aflatoxins are produced primarily by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aspergillus flavus fungal species that suppress the immune system, mutate DNA, cause liver cancer and can cross the placenta.   All these harmful medical conditions make testing for mycotoxins extremely critical particularly botanical  flower material.

lectron Microscope Image - Aspergillus Niger Spore

lectron Microscope Image - Aspergillus Niger Spore

Next Topic will discuss how mycotoxins/aflatoxins identified and quantitated Hint ELISA, LCMSMS??

Other News- Medicare (Tox)

Medicare going after labs suspected of unnecessary testing (Focusing on Genetic Testing)

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Busted>>>>Companion Dx (Houston, TX) is one of at least six clinical labs stuck in bankruptcy court after Medicare alleged they improperly billed the government for unnecessary urine, genetic or heart disease tests expected to cause hundreds of millions dollars in losses to taxpayers.  The nation spends close to $8.5 billion a year for drug&genetic test -health insurers are questions if the testing is truly necessary or to boost profits.  Is this new news for this industry?  

It is well known that Medicare has slashed fees for urine tests and tightened coverage of some genetic screens, which can cost Medicare $1,000 or more per person. Private insurers, who mostly have paid these bills without question, also are taking a more penetrating look at spending on the controversial lab work. Getting the money repaid back to Medicare and private insurers remains a formidable challenge. Some physician owned labs have been hard to collect from for many years, several testing firms that owe Medicare money, the assets are few and far between in order repay overcharges owed.

Labs can run a range of genetic and drug tests using a Oral Fluids, blood or urine specimen. The price tag to Medicare can climb significantly - especially if the physician orders a "batch" of tests.  Some labs have kept operating in bankruptcy while others liquidated equipment and sold off assets. Several bankruptcy trustees, whose duty is to ferret out assets, are suing suppliers, insurers and some doctors to recover funds.

Spending on genetic testing, for example, shot up from about $167 million in 2013 to more than $466 million in 2014. In 2015, the program spent about $317 million on the tests and some $165 million last year. Government auditors credit tighter oversight for the sharp decline in billing.

Some labs have pushed genetic tests as a tool for making pain management safer. The labs contend the tests can pinpoint the correct drugs and dosage for each patient based on their genetic makeup, thus reducing the threat of overdose or other complications.

However, many experts argue that the science hasn’t caught up to the sales pitch — and that some high-priced tests may do little to diagnose or treat illness.

Genetic tests “are not ready for prime time,” said Charles Argoff, professor of neurology at Albany Medical College in New York. He said their impact on medical care “hasn’t been measured.”

Pharmacogenomic testing can be informative and can help caregivers and patients make safer decisions when choosing medications. However, promoting pharmacogenomic testing with application to only one disease state or with questionable testing practices can cause more harm than good. Most genes influence how the body metabolizes not just one class of medications, but can influence many other drug classes as well, and to varying degrees. Focusing only on one condition, such as ADHD, and ignoring the influence that genotype may have on other drug classes, such as medications for heart disease, can actually result in patient harm. 

In summary Patient beware!!!  

Source:  http://www.benefitspro.com/2017/12/19/medicare-going-after-labs-suspected-of-unnecessary?page=3

CB1 and CB2 Receptors- what makes the endocannabinoid system tick.

CB1 receptors can be found primarily in the brain and nervous system CB1 is the main receptor for THC, a phytocannabinoid (phyto meaning, “of the plant”); and, its twin, anandamide, one of the body’s naturally occurring cannabinoids which THC mirrors. Like a light switch THC activates the CB1 receptor which in turn causes cannabis' psychoactive effects.

  • CB2 receptors, found predominantly in the immune system are responsible for modulating cannabis’s anti-inflammatory effects. Inflammation is a hot topic in relation to disease and CB2 has a key immune response.
Graphical Image of CB1 and CB2 Receptors (THC and CBD) throughout the Human Body, CB1-Brain/CNS &CB2- Periphery cells associated with immune response. 

Graphical Image of CB1 and CB2 Receptors (THC and CBD) throughout the Human Body, CB1-Brain/CNS &CB2- Periphery cells associated with immune response. 

Its all in how you Extract

I have had the privilege of being able to test a few select instruments for macerating or pulverizing very complex matrices including hard candy and botanical material. A sound practical approach in selecting the right tool for the job means testing a significant amount of different materials - conditions and technologies. Here are a few examples. IKA makes several "blade" grinders- the user can also add dry ice into a edible or hard candy to assist in flash freezing the sample. I have noticed the freezing of the sample no matter what form- will significantly impact the quality of grind- whether blade or ball type grinder. 

 

1 gram of random botanical material. Processed using IKA-Tube Mill Control 5000-25000 rpm. On loan from IKA- Thank you Robert Ranville.

1 gram of random botanical material. Processed using IKA-Tube Mill Control 5000-25000 rpm. On loan from IKA- Thank you Robert Ranville.

25mm Stainless steel balls - 50ml jars. Anton Parr Ball Mill. (On loan - thank you Felice Eckard.)

25mm Stainless steel balls - 50ml jars. Anton Parr Ball Mill. (On loan - thank you Felice Eckard.)

200mg of botanical material - cyrogenically cooled using liquid N2 (courtesy of Mattheson Gas, John Wilson)

200mg of botanical material - cyrogenically cooled using liquid N2 (courtesy of Mattheson Gas, John Wilson)

Scientists lay the groundwork for a reliable breathalyzer. TRUE?

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is it possible to measure the vapor pressure of THC (Delta-9)- according to NIST it is on the way to success despite the complexity of its molecular structure.  Unlike ethyl alcohol a very small molecule-  it escapes  due to its a simple shape. But THC molecules are large and complex, with loops and spurs that cause them to stick together. This results in a very low vapor pressure -- so low that you can't measure it the usual way, which would involve putting THC in a closed container and waiting for the pressure to equalize..which would take forever no exactly ideal for roadside test. However researchers at NIST have overcame that obstacle by using a technology called PLOT-cryo -- short for porous layer open tubular cryogenic adsorption. "PLOT-cryo is an extremely sensitive technique for capturing and analyzing things in the vapor phase." The researchers used pure THC, and first swept an inert gas across the sample to capture escaping molecules, then chilled the gas to collect them (that's where the "cryo" part of the name comes from). By measuring the mass of the recovered molecules in a known volume and temperature of sweep gas, the researchers calculated the vapor pressure.  I think now it is up to someone or some company to convert this into reality and make a field device, could be sometime before that happens.

For more information: 

  1. Tara M. Lovestead, Thomas J. Bruno. Determination of Cannabinoid Vapor Pressures to Aid in Vapor Phase Detection of IntoxicationForensic Chemistry, 2017; DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.06.003